A reference list contains details only of those works cited in the text. If sources are included in the list of references but are not cited in the text then this type of list is called a ‘bibliography’. Most assignments require a reference list, not a bibliography (check your assignment/module guidance). The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author or organisation name. It is recommended to include a space between each reference, and there is no need to number or use bullet points.
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of book (in italics). Place of publication: publisher.
Examples:
Oliver, D. (2003) Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Slapper, G. & Kelly, D. (2006) The English legal system. London: Cavendish.
Sullivan, D. H. & Fidell, E. R. (eds.) (2002) Evolving military justice. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
Cruttenden, A. (2014) Gimson's pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge.
Magg, J. (2002) Judicial review of the Manual for Courts Martial. In: Sullivan, D. H. & Fidell, E. R. (eds.) Evolving military justice. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
Required elements are the same as for a print book with the addition of [Online], [the date accessed] and the link to the URL.
E-book required elements:
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of book (in italics). [Online]. Place of publication: Publisher. [Accessed 8th July 2021]. Available at: URL
Examples:
Kukol, A. (ed.) (2008) Molecular modelling of proteins. [Online]. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. [Accessed 20th July 2021]. Available at: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-59745-177-2
Jin, L. and Cortazzi, M. (2013) Researching Cultures of Learning: International Perspectives on Language Learning and Education. [Online]. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. [Accessed 21 July 2021] Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/lancaster/detail.action?docID=4329284.
NB: the page numbers you need to include in the reference list are the page range of the article (not the pages you may have referred to in the in-text citation).
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of article. Full Title of Journal (in italics), Volume number (Issue number), page number(s).
Example:
Day, D. (2011) Kinship and community in Victorian London. History Workshop Journal, 71(1), 194-218.
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of article. Full Title of Journal (in italics), Volume number (Issue number), page number(s). DOI (digital object identifier) if available.
Example of a journal article with one author:
Stickley, A. (2011) Providing a law degree for the “real world”. The Law Teacher, 45(1), 63-86.
Example of a journal article with several authors and a DOI:
Kodama, T., Bard-Chapeau, E. A., Newberg, J. Y., Kodama, M., Rangel, R., Yoshihara, K., Ward, J. M., Jenkins, N. A. & Copeland, N. G. (2016) Two-step forward genetic screen in mice identifies Ral GTPase-activating proteins as suppressors of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 151(2), 324-337. 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.040
Author/Organisation Year (in brackets) Full title of report (in italics). Place: Publisher.
Example:
Department of Health (2001) National service framework for older people. London: Department of Health.
Author/Organisation Year (in brackets) Full title of report (in italics). [type of medium] Place: Publisher. Available at: URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Department of Health (2001) National service framework for older people. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4071283.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2011].
Follow the same format as for an online report (above) and include the name of the database, e.g. Statista, Marketline, FAME.
Required elements:
Author/Organisation Year (in brackets) Full title (in italics). Database, e.g. Statista. Available at: URL [Accessed date].
IDC (2021) Global smartphone market share from 4th quarter 2009 to 1st quarter 2021 (by vendor). Statista. Available at: https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk/statistics/271496/global-market-share-held-by-smartphone-vendors-since-4th-quarter-2009/ [Accessed: July 12, 2021].
Bureau van Dijk (2021) Company report: Key information: Vodaphone. FAME. Available at: Fame | The definitive source of information on companies in the UK and Ireland | BvD (lancs.ac.uk) [Accessed: July 12, 2021]
Family name of author, Initials. OR company/organisation name Year (in brackets) Title of page (in italics). Available at: URL [Accessed date].
Examples:
Nicholson, D. (2005) Soldiers on Pendle Hill. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/76/a4161476.shtml [Accessed 29 May 2014].
Royal Literary Fund (2018) Writing Essays. Available at: https://www.rlf.org.uk/resources/writing-essays/ [Accessed 10 June 2015].
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of article or column header. Full Title of Newspaper (in italics), day and month, page numbers.
Example:
Slapper, G. (2005) Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep. p.4.
If the name of the journalist or writer is shown, start with this. If not, start with the name of the online newspaper site. Give the title and date of the item or article, and, as for other online sources, the URL address where the article is available and the date you accessed it.
Examples:
Woolcock, N. (2018) Sit more exams to beat stress, schools minister Nick Gibb tells GCSE pupils. Times Online, 8 Feb. Available at: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/sit-more-exams-to-beat-stress-schools-minister-nick-gibb-tells-gcse-pupils-63n02jt8d [Accessed 8 February 2018].
The Economist (2006) Mini-grids may be the best way to illuminate the “bottom billion”. 24 Jul. Available at: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/07/12/mini-grids-may-be-the-best-way-to-illuminate-the-bottom-billion [Accessed 18 July 2018].
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Full title of conference paper . In: Editor or name of organisation, Full title of conference (in italics). Location, Date. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Johnston, K. R. (1989) From revolution to revelation. In: University of Lancaster, International Conference on Romanticism and Revolution. University of Lancaster, Jul 5-8, 1989. Lancaster: University of Lancaster.
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of blog (in italics). Available at: URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Beaumont, R. (2017) Making group-work work. Available at: http://wp.lancs.ac.uk/studyblog/2017/05/26/making-group-work-work/ [Accessed 12 February 2018].
Check with your lecturer before referencing content from your lectures. When writing an assignment you are expected to read more widely and go beyond your lectures for your source material.
Required elements:
Family name of lecturer, Initials. Year (in brackets). Lecture title (in italics). MODULE CODE Title of module. Date, teaching organisation.
Robin, S.A. (2021) Objects: dynamics of display. HIST141 Historical sources and their contexts. 24 March, Lancaster University.
Family name of speaker, Initials. OR Name of company/organisation Year (in brackets) Title of presentation (if applicable). Visiting speaker/presentation for Module Code: Module Title. Date of visit. Name of Institution.
Examples:
Robinson, M. (2011) Starting Out. Presentation for Module INEB603: Understanding Innovation. Jan 25. Greentown University Management School.
or
Escendency (2011) Starting Out. Presentation for Module INEB603: Understanding Innovation. Jan 25. Greentown University Management School.
or
Bloggs, J. (2011) Visiting speaker for Module INEB603: Understanding Innovation. Mar 27. Greentown University Management School.
Only include the name of the person interviewed if they have given permission, e.g. for public interviews. For confidential research interviews, check with your tutor to decide the most appropriate way to include information anonymously.
Required elements:
Family name, Initials of person interviewed. (Year of interview) Title of the interview (if any). Interview by/ with interviewer’s First name Last name [virtual medium if appropriate] Day Month of interview, place of interview if not online.
Hurst, E. (2021) Experiences of working from home. Interview by Peter Griffiths [Microsoft Teams], 27 July.
Menendes, L. (2021) Interview with Stuart Yoxall. 2 August, London.
Required elements:
Family name, Initials of person interviewed. (Year of interview) ‘Title of the interview (if any)’. Interview by/ with interviewer’s First name Last name. Title of publication or programme and broadcaster. Day Month of publication or broadcast, page numbers if present. Available at: URL if online. [Accessed date]
Olusoga, D. (2021) ‘My job is to be a historian. It’s not to make people feel good’. Interview by Aamna Mohdin, The Guardian, 7 Jun, p.6.
Olusoga, D. (2021) ‘My job is to be a historian. It’s not to make people feel good’. Interview by Aamna Mohdin, The Guardian, 7 Jun. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/jun/07/david-olusoga-race-reality-historian-black-britishness [Accessed 27 July 2021].
Family name of speaker, Initials. if known OR Name of organisation Year (in brackets) Class visit to name of company/organisation, place, for Module Code: Module Title. Date of visit. Name of institution.
Example:
Lancaster Brewery (2018) Class visit to Lancaster Brewery, Lancaster, for Module ENSI506: Internationalisation and New Technologies. Jan 21. Lancaster University Management School.
(Use the personal name of the company/organisation member who spoke to you if possible at the beginning of the reference.)
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of dissertation /thesis (in italics). Level. Official name of University.
Example:
Casey, S. (2012) Drawing the delicate. PhD. Lancaster University.
Name of person/organisation posting video Year video was posted (in brackets) Title of video (in italics). Available at: full URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Speakfirst (2009) Presentation skills – how to improve your presentations. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bt8YFCveNpY [Accessed 9 February 2018].
Required elements
Family name of author, Initials. Or organisation sponsoring the publication Year (in brackets) Title of publication (in italics). Place of publication: publisher.
Example:
Office for National Statistics (2000) Standard occupational classification volume 2: the coding index. London: The Stationery Office.
Required elements:
Short title (in italics). Chapter number (in brackets). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Human Rights Act 1988. (c.30). London: The Stationery Office.
Alternative for an act found online on a freely available website, ie not on Westlaw or LexisLibrary:
Short title (in italics). Chapter number (in brackets). Available at: URL. [Access date].
Example:
Human Rights Act 1998. (c. 42). Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents [Accessed 4 August 2020].
Required elements:
Title (in italics) (SI year/running number). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000. (SI 2000/2334). London: The Stationery Office.
Required elements:
Parties in the case. (Year) Law report title (in italics), volume, pages.
Example:
Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Co. (1893) Law Reports: Queen's Bench Division, 1, 256-275.
Note that this differs from a standard legal/OSCOLA style citation used in the Law School: [1893] 1 QB 256.
Required elements
Family name of creator, Initials Year (in brackets) Title (in italics). [Item type]. Other creatives' role and name. Location: Distributor.
Example:
Fauré, G. (1994) Requiem. [CD]. Soprano, Beckley, L., Bass-Baritone, Gedge, N., Schola Cantorum of Oxford, Oxford Camerata & Conductor, Summerly, J. UK: Naxos.
Example:
Campbell, E. (Prod.) (2020, 12 May) Costing the earth [Radio Broadcast]. Presenter Caz Graham. London: Radio 4.
Required elements
Organisation Date (in brackets) Title (in italics). [Item type]. Location: Gallery/Museum name.
Example:
Leeds Art Gallery (2020) Staged grand Guignol: surrealism and beyond. [Exhibition]. Leeds: Leeds Art Gallery. [Viewed 23 February 2020].
Example:
Loach, K. (Dir.) (2017) I, Daniel Blake. [Motion Picture]. Screenplay Paul Laverty. London: Entertainment One.
Required elements
Family name of creator, Initials Date first mounted (in brackets) Title (in italics.) [Item type]. Location: Gallery/Museum name.
Kusama, Y. (2021) Step into infinite space [Installation]. London: Tate Modern.
Required elements
Family name of creator, Initials (Role abbreviation) Date (in brackets) Title (in italics). [Item type]. Other creatives' name and role. Location: Theatre/venue name.
Example:
Cranko, J., (Chor.) (2020 [1965]) Onegin. [Ballet performance]. Tchaikovsky, P. I., Music & Rose, J., Designer. London: Royal Ballet at Royal Opera House. [Viewed 18 January 2020].
Note that you can add the date of the original work in square brackets if needed.]
Required elements
Family name of creator, Initials Date (in brackets) Title [Item type]. Size. Location: Gallery/Museum name.
Example:
Botticelli, S. (1485-6) The birth of Venus. [Painting]. 1725 x 2785 mm. Florence: Uffizi.
Required elements
Family name of creator, Initials Date (in brackets) Title [Item type]. Location: Gallery/Museum name.
Example:
Hepworth, B. (1927) Mother and child [Sculpture].Toronto: Art Gallery of Ontario.
You should always reference the version of the source you have read. If you read a translated version of a text, reference the translated version and not the source written in the original language.
Family name of author, Initials. Year (in brackets) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial and Family name of translator. Place of publication: Publisher.
Baudelaire, C. (2008) The Flowers of Evil . Translated by J. McGowan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
If you want to make significant use of sources that are not written or accessible in English, in most disciplines you must discuss this with your tutor or supervisor first. If permission is given, then reference the exact text used, in the same style as you would reference English language material.
Boia, L. (1999) Pour une histoire de l'imaginaire. Paris: Editions du Cerf.
If you use a source written in non-Latin characters, such as Greek or Arabic, you should transliterate the characters into the English alphabet. Transliteration to English changes the letters from the original language into similar-sounding characters of the English alphabet.
The original text in Greek: Αργυροπούλου, Χ. (2006) Η γυναίκα στην εκπαίδευση και η εκπαιδευτικός μέσα από λογοτεχνικά κείμενα. Επιθεώρηση εκπαιδευτικών θεμάτων, 16, 20-35.
Your reference: Argiripoulou, H. (2006). I gunaika stin ekpaideusi kai i ekpaideutikos mesa apo logotexnika keimena. Epitheorisi Ekpaideutikon Thematon, 16, 20-35.
You should only include the transliteration in your reference list or bibliography.
Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Thai do not follow this rule. When referencing sources written in Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Thai, you should first transliterate the details into English characters. For your reference you will then include the original author name and the title of the source in the original language, as well as the English transliteration.